一、常见转折词

 下图中标注黄色的这些转折词对于阅读很重要，可以帮助我们快速掌握文章结构，进而快速理解主旨：

①But“when plants advertise to bees, they advertise in an open communication network,”

②Plants attract not just the good guys, but also attract the bad guys.”

得出前半段的主旨是花香不仅招揽好虫（蜜蜂），还能吸引坏虫。

下图后半段中，标黄的是一个非常见的转折词：

③Bees, to their surprise, did not prefer the highly scented flowers. Squash bees were indifferent,and honey bees visited enhanced（香味加强）flowers less often than normal ones.

to their surprise 这样的转折词更加隐蔽，大家会不够敏感，这样很容易忽略关键信息。

二、不常见的转折词

①.to their surprise

②.odd/oddly

例：Research has shown a seemingly odd result that people are relatively more elated when they are not well-off.

But once they become really poor, they will tend to feel bad about life.

Q:paraphrase the first half ot the sentence:

A. people are「 happier」 when they are「rich」

B. people are「sadder」 when they are「rich」

C. people are「happier」 when they are「not rich」

D. people are「sadder」 when they are「not rich」

答案：C

解析：根据but这个转折词我们可以推出，前后句子相反。根据odd这个非常见转折词我们可以推出，前半句跟我们的常识相反。后一句没有生词，我们先看懂后一句再反推前一句即可得到答案。由此可见，掌握转折词，可以帮助我们对文章中的生词进行猜测，或者说方便我们越过生词，把握大意。

③“Or is it?”

例：Everyone knows that the Roman Colosseum is an architectural marvel.Built so that thousands of people could be ushered in and out in minutes, it isa testament to the genius of Roman engineering. Or is it? By reconstructing the building with three-dimensional computer modeling and then virtually “walking through” it, researcher has discovered dark, narrow upper hallways that probably hemmed in spectators, slowing their movement to a crawl.

Q:The purpose of this paragraph is to

A. state then question a widely held notion about Colosseum

B. praise the Colosseum as an architectural and engineering marvel

C. point out a flaw in the design and construction of the Colosseum and how it was later corrected

答案：A

解析：整个文章欲抑先扬，所以A和C看上去都挺对的，因为我们可以推测出文章重点是想说Roman Colosseum的缺点。但是C选项后半句later corrected在文章中并没有体现，所以选A。

三、让步词

1让步和转折词的区别

转折：I do not have much time, but I'd like to help.

让步：While I'd like to help,I do not have much time.

结论：

• 转折词后跟的是作者真正主要的观点
• 让步词后跟的是作者非主要的观点

2常见让步词

①whilst；while；whereas

例：Whereas I'd like to help,I do not have much time.

②albeit

例：Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.

③concede (that)；despite/in spite of；although

3不同语境下，让步词和转折词功能互换

①让步词whereas也可以表达转折

Some of the studies show negative results, whereas others show positive results. Henry's result is one of the best hope we have for our scientific future.

②转折词however也可以表达让步

All men are evil. They create only war and violence. However, I have to admit some men are not that degraded.

四、如何更好的把握转折关系

1配套法：小词和大语境的折中

I acknowldege that...|| Yet

Some......||Others

long held theory/used to/It is common that.....|| Now

2无转折词的转折句，找配套的“普通词”

例①

The study is a laboratory success.Whether the study can fare under field conditions are unknown.

配套的普通词为laboratory和fare. 这两个词是对应的，所以这句话的意思是说这个实验虽然在实验室成功了，但将来在实验室外的“实地”情况下，不一定能成功。

例②

So where is our cure? The cure is in thevery system which was exclaimed against by these gentlemen as parentof oppression.

配套的普通词为in the very system 和exclaimed against by these gentlemen。所以这句话的意思是我们的解药就存在于这个体系中，然而这个体系还要被这些先生们骂。

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