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2012年考研英语阅读理解Part A Text 3

Text 3

①In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. ②But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. ③We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. ④Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. ⑤Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

①Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. ②Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. ③But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. ④This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. ⑤Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

①Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. ②But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. ③Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public （including other scientists） receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. ④As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

①Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. ②First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. ③Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. ④The goal is new-search, not re-search. ⑤Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. ⑥Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. ⑦Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” ⑧But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. ⑨Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

①In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ②“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its __________.

      [A] uncertainty and complexity

       [B] misconception and deceptiveness

      [C] logicality and objectivity

       [D] systematicness and regularity

32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires __________.

      [A] strict inspection

[B] shared efforts

      [C] individual wisdom

[D] persistent innovation

33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it __________.

      [A] has attracted the attention of the general public

      [B] has been examined by the scientific community

      [C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers

      [D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists

34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that __________.

      [A] scientific claims will survive challenges

      [B] discoveries today inspire future research

      [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified

      [D] scientific work calls for a critical mind

35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

      [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development

      [B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery

      [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science

      [D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science

【答案速查】

31. A      32. B      33. B      34. D      35. C     

【试题透析】

31. A

[解题思路] 由题干关键词the first paragraph和the process of discovery定位至第一段句②。该句指出，在日常的科学实践中（in the everyday practice of science），发现的过程通常是含糊和复杂的（discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route）。选项[A]中的uncertainty和complexity分别为ambiguous和complicated的同义替换，故为答案。

[干扰排除] 本段句⑤指出，科学发现过程中可能存在很多误解、错误和自欺（misinterpretation，error，and self-deception），但这些只是可能性（Opportunities），不是科学发现过程的本质特点，不能因为科学发现过程中存在误解、错误和自欺就说科学发现的特点就是误解和欺骗，故排除选项[B]。本段句①指出了理想状态下（In the idealized version）科学研究是如何进行的，即用科学的方法进行研究的客观研究者（objective researchers who use the scientific method）观察和收集事实，选项[C]、[D]是根据此句设置的干扰项，这两项提到的都是理想化的特点，不是科学发现过程的真实特点，故排除。

32. B

[解题思路] 由题干关键词Paragraph 2和credibility process定位至第二段句③、④。这两句话介绍了可信性的证实过程。句③指出，经过集体的详细审查和认可（it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance），一项科学发现声明才能变为可靠的科学发现。句④进一步指出，在这个过程中（through which），单个研究者的“我”、“这里”和“现在”变成了科学界里的“任何人”、“任何地方”和“任何时间”。由此可知，可信性证实过程需要整个科学界的审查和认可，是集体努力的结果，故选项[B]正确。

[干扰排除] 本段句③提到，在可信性证实过程中，一项科学发现声明需要接受集体的详细审查并被大家认可（it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance），选项[A]只提到严格的审查，没有明确这个审查是集体的、共同的，故不够全面，应排除。由句④可知，个人的成果需要经过业界的审查和认可，故仅有个人智慧是不能完成可信性证实过程的，故排除选项[C]。选项[D]在本段未提及，故排除。

33. B

[解题思路] 由题干关键词Paragraph 3定位至文章第三段。作者在该段详细介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程，句③指出在科学界复杂的社会结构下，研究者作出发现声明，编辑和审查者控制论文发表过程，其他科学家利用该发现，最后，公众获知该发现，这一可信性证实过程在大家的共同努力下得以完成。句④再次指出，在一项发现声明被业界审查的过程中（As a discovery claim works it through the community），相关观点的融合和碰撞把个人的发现声明变成了科学界的可靠发现（transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery）。由此可知，个人的发现声明需要经过整个科学界的审查才能变成可靠的发现。故选项[B]为答案。

[干扰排除] 由以上分析可知，选项[A]、[C]、[D]都只是可信性证实过程中的一个方面，不足以概括整个过程，故均可排除。

34. D

[解题思路] 由题干关键词Albert Szent-Györgyi定位至第四段句⑦。该句阐述了阿尔贝特·圣捷尔吉对发现的描述，即“见世人所见，思无人所思”（seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought）。由此可知，阿尔贝特·圣捷尔吉强调科学发现不能循规蹈矩，要有创新精神和批判精神，选项[D]最符合上述含义。

[干扰排除] 由上述分析可知，阿尔贝特·圣捷尔吉强调科学发现要有创新精神，故对于科学发现声明，他的态度应该是提出质疑，而非认为科学发现声明会经受住质疑，故排除选项[A]。选项[B]强调科学发现与未来研究的关系，选项[C]讨论的是为获得发现而进行的努力是值得的，这两项都无法从阿尔贝特·圣捷尔吉对发现的描述中推知，故均排除。

35. C

[解题思路] 该题要求选定文章的标题，故需归纳文章的主旨大意。纵观全文，第一段指明，日常科学研究充满了不确定性和复杂性。第二段指出，鉴于上述特点，科学发现声明需要经过可信性证实过程才能变为可靠的科学发现。第三段承接第二段，详细介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性证实过程中存在的两个矛盾。第五段作者引用哲学家安妮特·拜尔的话对科学的可信性证实过程进行了总结。综上所述，本文通篇都在论述科学可信性的证实过程，即科学发现声明如何变为可靠的科学发现，选项[C]准确地概括了文章的主旨大意，为本题答案。

[干扰排除] 文章仅在第四段提到了科学界对创新的推崇，这只是在论述可信性证实过程中存在的两个矛盾时提到的细节，且文章也没有论述创新对科学发展的推动作用，故选项[A]不能概括文章大意。选项[B]糅合了几个概念，科学发现是由研究者做出的（researchers make discoveries），而集体审查是科学发现可信性证实过程中的其他角色，特别是编辑和审查者（editors and reviewers）的任务，选项[B]本身不合逻辑且未能概括文章大意，故排除。整篇文章论述的是科学发现可信性的演变，强调这一过程，而不是对可信性的质疑，故选项[D]也不能准确概括文章大意。

【词汇突破】

【第一段】

idealized /aI5dIElaIzd/ adj 理想化的；完美的：an idealized picture of family life 理想化的家庭生活景象

objective /Eb5dVektIv/ adj 客观的；如实的；无偏见的：He finds it difficult to remain objective where his son is concerned. 他觉得事关自己的儿子就很难保持客观态度了。

carry out 执行；实施；落实：We’re carrying out a market-research survey. 我们正在进行一项市场研究调查。

ambiguous /Am5bIgjuEs/ adj 含糊不清的；不明确的：The wording of the law is highly ambiguous. 这项法律的措辞非常含糊。

complicated /5kCmplIkeItId/ adj 复杂的；费解的：a complicated diagram 复杂的图表

context /5kCntekst/ n [C,U] 环境；背景；周围情况：The proposals need to be considered in the context of new European directives. 要联系新的欧洲指令的背景来考虑这些提议。

prior /5praIE(r)/ adj （时间、顺序、重要性）在先的，在前的：He has a prior engagement this evening.他今晚已有约会在先。

subsequent /5sQbsIkwEnt/ adj 后来的；随后的：Subsequent events proved me wrong. 后来发生的事证明我错了。

misinterpretation /7mIsInt\:prI5teIFn/ n [C,U] 误解：comments open to misinterpretation 易引起误解的评论

self-deception /7selfdI5sepFn/ n[U] 自欺：Jane remarked on men’s capacity for self-deception. 简对男人们自欺欺人的习性作了一番评说。

abound /E5baUnd/ v [I] 大量存在：Stories about his travels abound. 有关他游历的故事有很多。

【第二段】

claim /kleIm/ n [C] 声称；主张；断言：Some of the early claims that were made were plainly false. 早期作出的一些断言显然是错的。

protoscience / 5prEUtEU7saIEns / n [U] 原科学

原科学指在科学范围内，处于假说或不完善阶段，尚未经科学证实，也未被推翻的理论。原科学并不反对科学验证，但由于其结果不完全确定（如催眠术）及难于验证（如夸克）等原因，目前阶段还无法作出定论。

stake /steIk/ v [T] 立界标（以表明所有权）；声明（对某物）拥有所有权：Both sides were staking a claim to the land. 双方都声明对这块土地拥有所有权。

mining /5maInIN/ n [U] 采矿；矿业 a mining engineer 采矿工程师

collective /kE5lektIv/ adj 集体完成（或进行）的；集体的：a collective protest 集体抗议

scrutiny /5skru:tIni/ n [C,U] 详细审查；仔细观察：Every aspect of local government was placed under scrutiny. 地方政府的方方面面都处于详细审查之下。

credibility /7kredE5bIlEti/ n [U] 可信性；可靠性：The jury had doubts about the credibility of some of the witnesses. 陪审团怀疑一些证人的可信性。

community /kE5mju:nEti/ n [C] （由同宗教、同种族、同职业或其他具有共同特征的人组成的）团体；界：the scientific community 科学界

【第三段】

credit /5kredIt/ n [U] 称赞；赏识；表扬：He got all the credit for the discovery. 这一发现全都归功于他了。

reviewer /rI5vju:E(r)/ n [C] 复查者；审核人：a rent reviewer 租金审核人

publication /7pQblI5keIFn/ n [U] 出版；发表：It was clear, even before publication, that the book would be a success. 该书将驰誉天下，这一点甚至在出版发行以前就已十分清楚。

accompanying /E5kQmpEnIIN/ adj 伴随的；陪伴的；和……一起发生的：Front-page stories broke the news of the princess leaving, and accompanying photographs showed her getting on the plane. 报纸头版爆出公主离开的消息，同时配有她登机而去的照片。

interaction /7IntEr5AkFn/ n [U] 相互影响；相互作用：ongoing interaction between the two languages 两种语言间持续的相互作用

confrontation /7kCnfrQn5teIFn/ n [C,U] 对抗；不和：a confrontation between the Government and the unions 政府与工会之间的对抗

competing /kEm5pi:tIN/ adj（论据、主张、理论等）相互冲突的：We have to choose between the competing priorities of industry, health, and education. 我们不得不在工业、医疗保健和教育这些相互冲突的领域之间作出孰先孰后的选择。

【第四段】

paradox /5pArEdCks/ n [C] 自相矛盾的说法

prevailing /prI5veIlIN/ adj 现存的；存在的：The prevailing market conditions are not favorable to small investors. 现有的市场条件不利于小投资者们。

duplication /7dju:plI5keIFn/ n [U] 复制；重复：We must avoid wasteful duplication of effort. 我们必须避免无谓的重复劳动。

confirmation /7kCnfE5meIFn/ n [U] 证实；证明：The claims have received independent confirmation from a team of experts. 这些声明已经从一组专家那儿得到了单独的证明。

convincing /kEn5vInsIN/ adj 令人信服的：He will demand convincing evidence before he adopts a new theory. 他接受新的理论之前会要求提供有说服力的证据。

modification /7mCdIfI5keIFn/ n [U] 修改；更改：The design of the spacecraft is undergoing extensive modification. 航天器的设计正大加修改。

refutation /7refju:5teIFn/ n[U] 驳斥；反驳：He prepared a complete refutation of the Republicans’ most serious charges. 他准备全面反驳共和党人对他最严重的指控。

provoke /prE5vEUk/ v [T] 激起；引起：provoke a fight 挑起一场战斗

physiologist /7fIzI5ClEdVIst/ n [C] 生理学家；生理学研究者

novel /5nCvl/ adj 新奇的；新颖的；新的：a novel idea, fashion, design, experience 新的观念、风尚、设计、经验

appreciate /E5pri:FIeIt/ v [T] 认识到……的全部价值；重视：Many of the junior staff feel they are not properly appreciated. 许多初级员工认为他们没有得到应有的重视。

【第五段】

correspond to 相当于……；符合……：The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament. 美国的国会相当于英国的议会。

philosopher /fI5lCsEfE(r)/ n [C] 哲学家；思想家：the Greek philosophers 希腊哲学家

revise /rI5vaIz/ v [T] 更正；修改；修正：These figures have now been revised. 现在这些数字已被修正。

conception /kEn5sepFn/ n [U] 观点；想法；看法；认识：our conception of how language relates to reality 我们对于语言如何与现实相联系的认识                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

【选项词汇】

complexity /kEm5pleksEti/ n [U] 复杂性；错综复杂的状态：a problem of great complexity 极复杂的问题

misconception /7mIskEn5sepFn/ n [C] 误解；错误的想法：It is a popular misconception that all Scotsmen are mean. 很多人误以为苏格兰人都很小气。

logicality /7lCdVI5kAlEti/ n [U] 合逻辑；合理

regularity /7regju5lArEti/ n [U] 规律性；规则性；经常性：They meet with regularity. 他们定期会面。

inspection /In5spekFn/ n[U] 审阅；审查：The documents are available for public inspection. 这些文件可随时接受公众的审查。

persistent /pE5sIstEnt/ adj 持续不断的；不间断的：Persistent rain will affect many areas. 连绵阴雨会影响许多地区。

recognition /7rekEg5nIFn/ n [U] 认可；承认；确认：The unions must receive proper recognition.协会必须得到适当的认可。

quote /kwEUt/ v [T] 引用；引述；引证：He’s always quoting verses from the Bible. 他经常引用《圣经》中的章节。

inspire /In5spaIE(r)/ v [T] 赋予某人灵感；启示；启迪：The Lake District scenery inspired Wordsworth to write his greatest poetry. 英格兰湖区的美景给了华兹华斯灵感，使他创作出他最伟大的诗篇。

【句式分析】

① In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting

             状语              宾语从句    主语   后置定语     谓语

to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to

                      宾语                           定语从句

carry out their work.

本句的主干结构为...facts...are waiting to be observed and collected...。In the idealized version of how science is done为全句的状语，其中how science is done为宾语从句作介词of的宾语。about the world为主语facts的后置定语，不定式的被动语态结构to be observed and collected by objective researchers作waiting的宾语，其中由介词by引出动作的施动者。who use the scientific method to carry out their work为定语从句，修饰说明objective researchers。

② As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and

                        状语从句                                主语        

confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the

                              后置定语

technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s后置定语      谓语            宾语                    状语

credible discovery.

本句的主干结构为...the interaction and confrontation...transforms an individual’s discovery claim...。句首As a discovery claim works its way through the community为全句的时间状语从句。主语the interaction and confrontation后为一串较长的后置定语，between shared and competing beliefs修饰主语，about the science and the technology修饰beliefs，过去分词involved修饰the science and the technology。an individual’s discovery claim为transforms的宾语，into the community’s credible discovery为状语。

③ Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries

         状语           定语                   主语

that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and

                  定语从句                谓语    表语  形容词补足语

potential modification or refutation by future researchers.

形容词补足语              定语

本句的主干结构为...discovery claims and credible discoveries...will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation...。Not surprisingly为全句的状语，newly published为主语的定语，that appear to be important and convincing为定语从句修饰主语。谓语为will always be，open为表语，to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers 为形容词补足语补充说明表语，其中by future researchers为后置定语修饰限定challenge and potential modification or refutation。

④ In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds

       状语     主语     谓语         宾语        同位语     定语从句                              

to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.

                             定语从句

本句的主干结构为...credibility “happens” to a discovery claim...。a process that ... 为同位语，指credibility “happens” to a discovery claim这一过程，that引导的定语从句解释说明a process，其中又包含一个what引导的宾语从句，充当介词to的宾语。在这一宾语从句中，philosopher Annette Baier为主语，has described为谓语，缩合连接代词what在从句中充当宾语，as the commons of the mind为宾语补足语。

【全文翻译】

①科学研究的理想形式是，用科学的方法进行研究的客观研究者观察并收集关于这个世界的事实。②然而，在日常的科学实践中，科学发现的过程通常是含糊而复杂的。③我们期望能做到客观公正，但是我们无法摆脱我们独特的生活经历带来的影响。④原有的知识和兴趣会影响我们的经历，会影响我们对经历的理解以及我们随后采取的行动。⑤这里可能存在大量的误解、错误和自欺。

①因此，科学发现声明应该被认为是原科学。②类似于新公布的采矿权声明，科学发现声明也充满了各种可能性。③但一项科学发现声明要变为成熟的科学发现，需要集体的详细审查和认可。④这就是可信性的证实过程，在这个过程中，单个研究者的“我”、“这里”和“现在”变成了科学界里的“任何人”、“任何地方”和“任何时间”。⑤客观的知识是目标， 而不是起点。

①一旦科学发现声明被公开，知识成果被归功于发现者。②然而，与采矿权声明不同，科学界控制着下一步的发展。③在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究者做出发现；编辑和审查者通过控制成果发表过程扮演着看门人的角色；其他科学家利用新发现实现他们各自的研究目的；最终，公众（包括其他科学家）获知新发现，以及可能应运而生的新科技。④在一项发现声明被业界审查的过程中，关于此科学或技术的相同和不同观点之间的相互影响和碰撞，把个人的发现声明变成了科学界可靠的发现。

①这一可信性证实过程存在两个矛盾。②第一，科学研究通常关注现有知识中被认为不完整或不正确的某一方面。③重复和证实人们已经知道或相信的知识几乎得不到回报。④目标是进行“新的研究”，而不是“重复研究”。⑤新发表的看似至关重要且有说服力的发现声明和可靠发现总是会受到质疑，并且可能会被后来的研究者修改或者反驳，这不足为奇。⑥第二，创新本身常常会引发怀疑。⑦诺贝尔奖获得者、生理学家阿尔贝特·圣捷尔吉曾把发现描述为“见世人所见，思无人所思”。⑧但是，思无人所思并且告知他人其所遗漏之处，可能并不会改变他们的观点。⑨有时候，真正新的发现声明需要数年才能被接受和重视。

①最终，一项发现声明被认为可信——这个过程同哲学家安妮特·拜尔描述的“思想的一致性”相符。②“我们一起思考，一起怀疑、修正和完善彼此的推理过程，以及彼此对理性的理解。”